Of Mice and Men Essay

Two Itinerant migrant workers, George Milton and Lennie Smalls, are best friends, they have a unique relationship, almost one of father and son opposed to two adults, George looks after and cares for Lennie due to his limited metal abilities, which is often getting them into trouble, hence the reason they were chased out of town from their previous employment, They find work in a ranch in Northern California where they hope to save enough money to settle down and own a piece of land to attain the ‘American Dream’, which suggests that America is the land of prosperity and opportunity but as easy as dreams are made these dreams can also be easily shattered. At the ranch the atmosphere appears to be dangerous, when they are confronted with the bosses’ son Curley whom takes an instant disliking to Lennie, as he feels inferior to larger men, Curley’s Wife also opposes a problem, as she is very flirtatious. As they begin to settle in the ranch, their dream begin to take shape, when two other ranch hands are enticed and would like to be a part of it, the pair are overwhelmed that their dream is slowly turning into a reality. But the story turns when Lennie is left alone, and his love to stroke things ends up with him killing Curley’s Wife, the story then takes an emotional twist, when George is then faced with the dilemma to take his friends life, to save him from the lynch mob sent by Curley. Setting In the opening of the book during the first two pages it describes the tranquil peaceful surrounding of Northern California, â€Å"hillside bank runs deep and green† (pg18) this portrays the beautiful surrounding which is the disturbed by the arrival of two characters. The writer, John Steinbeck shows this by â€Å"rabbits hurried noiselessly for cover† (pg19) suggests the arrival of these two characters has disturbed the tranquil setting; this gives the reader the message that these characters bring trouble. At the end of the book, when both characters George and Lennie are sitting by the river bank, Steinbeck gives the reader the sense of panic by the quotations he uses, as Curley’s mob draw nearer, the writer first describes the atmosphere as â€Å"Shadow in the valley, blue and soft†(pg 144), this suggests that there is a calm before the storm. As more time passes the atmosphere around these two characters gets intense, â€Å"evening breeze blew over the clearing†, (pg 145), the atmosphere is changing around them, Steinbeck is creating a build up, causing a suspense that something is going to happen. When George shoots Lennie the atmosphere then is described as â€Å"the brush seemed filled with cries†, (pg 148) which symbolizes the loss of George, As this is such a great loss for him, losing his best friend, shows the love of their friendship was so strong that George could not let Lennie, die at the hands of Curley’s mob, You get the feel of their friendship, when both men are having a conversation about the dream, before Lennie is shot, â€Å"For the rabbit George†,(pg146), this suggests that George put Lennie is a false sense of security, so that he was in a happy place before he died, this shows how strong their friendship is. Characters George and Lennie George and Lennie are the two main characters, George is described as a small intelligent but uneducated man, George is ambitious who has big dreams in life. Lennie is a large man of statue with great strength and a big heart but his limited mental abilities, means he relies on George for his survival, he is a calm character and like a child he likes to hear stories from George, he doesn’t understand the consequences of his strength, resulting with him often getting the pair in serious trouble. George and Lennie have a unique relationship, you get a contrast of the love hate relationship between the two, There are quotes in the book where George suggests that he could get along better without Lennie, â€Å"I could get along easy and so nice if I didn’t have you on my tail†(pg24), this suggests that George feels that Lennie holds him back in life, but then in another quote when George is speaking to another character, he becomes defensive this shows that he cares about what people think of Lennie †what’s funny about it† and â€Å"He ain’t no cuckoo†(pg67) , this shows the contrast that on the one hand George believes Lennie slows him down in life, but then he feels that he has to care and protect Lennie. Narrative There is the use of slang and non Standard English throughout the book, the dialect used, is that of the slang used by an Itinerant workers at that time, this is effective because it helps to add to the realism of the story and creates a strong impact upon the readers. In book the narrative changes from third person to first person requently this is effective because you get both views and makes the story seem more believable and for the reader to sympathize with the characters. The use of figurative language in ‘Of Mice and Men’ creates the atmosphere of reality. In the beginning of the book the Narrative is in third person style, Lennie is described as â€Å"Sloping shoulders†(pg19) And George is described as â€Å"Strong features†,(pg19) this is effective because, it makes the reader visualize what these characters look like, instead of having a bias view from a first person account. The first person accounts are effective because, In a first person account you can believe the passion of that person for example† He’s dumb as hell†, (pg 65) this is more genuine as it makes the reader believe what the characters views are.

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 «  » ? ? Chicago : 3 ?- ? : , ?. ?. -- 2009 Contents. History 3 1. 1 First settlers 1. 2 Infrastructure and regional development 1. 3 Chicago Fire 1. 4 20th century 2 Geography 6 2. 1 Topography 2. 2 Climate 3 Cityscape. Architecture 8 4 Culture and contemporary life 9 4. Entertainment and performing arts 4. 2 Tourism 4. 3 Parks 4. 4 Sports 4. 5 Media 5 Economy 13 6 Demographics 15 7 Law and government 16 8 Education 17 References. 19 1. History. 1. 1. First settlers During the mid. 8th century the area was inhabited by a native American tribe known as the Potawatomis, who had taken the place of the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples. The first permanent settler in Chicago, Haitian Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable, arrived in the 1770s, married a Potawatomi woman, and founded the area’s first trading post. In 1803 the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in the 1812 Fort Dearborn massacre. The Ottawa, Ojibwa, and Potawatomi lat er ceded the land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of 350. Within seven years it grew to a population of over 4,000. The City of Chicago was incorporated on March 4, 1837. The name â€Å"Chicago† is the French rendering of the Miami-Illinois name shikaakwa, meaning â€Å"wild leek. †[1] The sound shikaakwa in Miami-Illinois literally means ‘striped skunk', and was a reference to wild leek, or the smell of onions. The name initially applied to the river, but later came to denote the site of the city. 1. 2. Infrastrukture and regional development The city began its step toward regional primacy as an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago’s first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, opened in 1838, which also marked the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. The canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants abroad. Manufacturing and retail sectors became dominant among Midwestern cities, influencing the American economy, particularly in meatpacking, with the advent of the refrigerated rail car and the regional centrality of the city's Union Stock Yards. 3] In February 1856, the Chesbrough plan for the building of Chicago's and the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system was approved by the Common Council. [2] The project raised much of central Chicago to a new grade. Untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the Chicago River, thence into Lake Michigan, polluting the primary source of fresh water for the city. The city responded by tunnelin g two miles (3 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built water cribs. In 1900, the problem of sewage was largely resolved when Chicago reversed the flow of the river, a process that began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal and completed with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal leading to the Illinois River which joins the Mississippi River. 1. 3. Chicago Fire After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed a third of the city, including the entire central business district, Chicago experienced rapid rebuilding and growth. [4]During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world's first skyscraper in 1885, using steel-skeleton construction. Labor conflicts and unrest followed, including the Haymarket affair on May 4, 1886. Concern for social problems among Chicago’s lower classes led Jane Addams to be a co-founder of Hull House in 1889. Programs developed there became a model for the new field of social work. The city also invested in many large, well-landscaped municipal parks, which also included public sanitation facilities. [pic] 1. 4. 20th century The 1920s brought notoriety to Chicago as gangsters, including the notorious Al Capone, battled each other and law enforcement on the city streets during the Prohibition era. The 1920s also saw a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from the South. Arriving in the tens of thousands during the Great Migration, the newcomers had an immense cultural impact. It was during this wave that Chicago became a center for jazz, with King Oliver leading the way. [5] In 1933, Mayor Anton Cermak was assassinated while in Miami with President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In the late summer of 1942, during World War II, Chicago held a practice black-out. According to one witness, â€Å"the sirens sounded, the lights went out while airplanes flew overhead to spot violators†. After about 30 minutes the beacon on top of the Palmolive Building came back on and the lights were quickly restored. [5] On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world’s first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project. Mayor Richard J. Daley was elected in 1955, in the era of machine politics. Starting in the 1960s, many residents left the city for the suburbs, taking out the heart of many neighborhoods, leaving impoverished and disadvantaged citizens behind. Structural changes in industry caused heavy losses of jobs for lower skilled workers. In 1966 James Bevel, Martin Luther King Jr. , and Al Raby led the Chicago Open Housing Movement, which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders. Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention, which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, including full-scale riots, or in some cases police riots, in city streets. Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (which in 1974 became the world’s tallest building), McCormick Place, and O'Hare Airport, were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure. When he died, Michael Anthony Bilandic was mayor for three years. His loss in a primary election has been attributed to the city’s inability to properly plow city streets during a heavy snowstorm. In 1979, Jane Byrne, the city’s first female mayor, was elected. She popularized the city as a movie location and tourist destination. In 1983 Harold Washington became the first African American to be elected to the office of mayor, in one of the closest mayoral elections in Chicago. After Washington won the Democratic primary, racial motivations caused a few Democratic alderman and ward committeemen to back the Republican candidate Bernard Epton, who ran on the slogan Before it’s too late, a thinly veiled appeal to fear. [10] Washington’s term in office saw new attention given to poor and minority neighborhoods. His administration reduced the longtime dominance of city contracts and employment by ethnic whites. Washington died in office of a heart attack in 1987, shortly after being elected to a second term. Current mayor Richard M. Daley, son of the late Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. He has led many progressive changes to the city, including improving parks; creating incentives for sustainable development, including green roofs; and major new developments. Since the 1990s, the city has undergone a revitalization in which some lower class neighborhoods have been transformed as new middle class residents have settled in the city. In 2008, the city earned the title of â€Å"City of the Year† from GQ for contributions in architecture and literature, a renaissance in the world of politics and downtown's starring role in the Batman movie The Dark Knight. 6] 2. Geography 2. 1. Topography Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois at the southwestern tip of Lake Michigan. It sits on the continental divide at the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds. The city lies beside Lake Michigan, and two rivers — the Chicago River in downtown and the Calumet River in the industrial far South Side — flow entirely or partially through Chicago. The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal connects the Chicago River with the Des Plaines River, which runs to the west of the city. Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge lake freighters use the city's far south Lake Calumet Harbor. The Lake also moderates Chicago's climate, making it warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer. When Chicago was founded in the 1830s, most of the early building began around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks. [6] The overall grade of the city's central, built-up reas, is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 feet (176 m) above sea level. The lowest points are along the lake shore at 577 feet (176 m), while the highest point at 735 feet (224 m) is a landfill located in the Hegewisch community area on the city's far south side. Lake Shore Drive runs adjac ent to a large portion of Chicago's lakefront. Parks along the lakeshore include Lincoln Park, Grant Park, Burnham Park and Jackson Park; 29 public beaches are found all along the shore. Near downtown, landfills extend into the Lake, providing space for the Jardine Water Purification Plant, Navy Pier, Northerly Island and the Museum Campus, Soldier Field, and large portions of the McCormick Place Convention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings can be found within a few blocks of the Lake. Chicagoland is an informal name for the Chicago metro area, used primarily by copywriters, advertising agencies, and traffic reporters. There is no precise definition for the term â€Å"Chicagoland,† but it generally means â€Å"around Chicago† or relatively local. The Chicago Tribune, which coined the term, includes the city of Chicago, the rest of Cook County, eight nearby Illinois counties; Lake, McHenry, DuPage, Kane, Kendall, Grundy, Will and Kankakee, and three counties in Indiana; Lake, Porter, and LaPorte. [7] The Illinois Department of Tourism defines Chicagoland as Cook County without the city of Chicago, and only Lake, DuPage, Kane and Will counties. The Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce defines it as all of Cook, and DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry and Will counties. 2. 2. Climate The city lies within the humid continental climate zone, and experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are warm & humid with average high temperatures of 80-84 °F (27-29 °C) and lows of 61-65  °F (16-19 °C). Winters are cold, snowy and windy with temperatures below freezing. Spring and Fall are mild with low humidity. According to the National Weather Service, Chicago’s highest official temperature reading of 107  °F (42  °C) was recorded on June 1, 1934. The lowest temperature of ? 27  °F (? 33  °C) was recorded on January 20, 1985. Along with long, hot dry spells in the summer, Chicago can suffer extreme winter cold spells. In the entire month of January 1977, the temperature did not rise above 31  °F (-0. 5  °C). The average temperature that month was around 10  °F (-12  °C). Chicago’s yearly precipitation averages about 34 inches (860 millimeters). Summer is typically the rainiest season, with short-lived rainfall and thunderstorms more common than prolonged rainy periods. [8] Winter precipitation tends to be more snow than rain. Chicago's snowiest winter on record was that of 1978–79, with 89. 7 inches (228 cm) of snow in total. The winter of 2007-08, with more than 61 inches (155 cm) of snow, was the snowiest in nearly three decades, and the winter of 2008/2009 produced nearly 50 inches (127 cm). Average winter snowfall is normally around 38 inches (96. 52 cm). The highest one-day snowfall total in Chicago history was 18. 3 inches (46. 5 cm) on Jan. 3, 1999. Chicago’s highest one-day rainfall total was 6. 63 inches (168. 4 mm) on September 13, 2008. [8] The previous record of 6. 49 inches (164 mm) had been set on August 14, 1987. The record for yearly rainfall is 50. 6 inches set in 2008; 1983 was the wettest year before with 49. 35 inches. [8] 3. Cityscape. Architecture The outcome of the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. Perhaps the most outstanding of these events was the relocation of many of the nation's most prominent architects to the city from New England for construction of the 1893 World Columbian Exposition. In 1885, the first steel-framed hi gh-rise building rose in Chicago ushering in the skyscraper era. [9] Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest. Downtown's historic buildings include the Chicago Board of Trade Building in the Loop, with others along the lakefront and the Chicago River. Once first on the list of largest buildings in the world and still listed twentieth, the Merchandise Mart stands near the junction of the north and south river branches. Presently the three tallest in the city are the Sears Tower, the Aon Center (previously the Standard Oil Building), and the John Hancock Center. The city's architecture includes lakefront high-rise residential towers, low-rise structures, and single-family homes. Industrialized areas such as the Indiana border, south of Midway Airport, and the banks of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal are clustered. Future skyline plans entail the supertall Waterview Tower, Chicago Spire, and Trump International Hotel and Tower. The 60602 zip code was named by Forbes as the hottest zip code in the country with upscale buildings such as The Heritage at Millennium Park (130 N. Garland) leading the way for other buildings such at Waterview Tower, The Legacy and Momo. Other new skyscraper construction may be found directly south (South Loop) and north (River North) of the Loop. Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums and apartment buildings can be found in Chicago. Large swaths of Chicago's residential areas away from the lake in the so-called â€Å"bungalow belt† are characterized by bungalows built from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of the Polish Cathedral style of church architecture. One of Chicago's suburbs is Oak Park, home to the late Frank Lloyd Wright. 4. Culture and contemporary life 4. 1. Entertainment and performing arts Chicago’s theatre community spawned modern improvisational theatre. Two renowned comedy troupes emerged — The Second City and I. O. (formerly known as ImprovOlympic). Renowned Chicago theater companies include the Steppenwolf Theatre Company (on the city's north side), the Goodman Theatre, and the Victory Gardens Theater. Chicago offers Broadway-style entertainment at theaters such as Ford Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre, Bank of America Theatre, Cadillac Palace Theatre, Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University, and Drury Lane Theatre Water Tower Place. Polish language productions for Chicago's large Polish speaking population can be seen at the historic Gateway Theatre in Jefferson Park. Since 1968, the Joseph Jefferson Awards are given annually to acknowledge excellence in theatre in the Chicago area. Classical music offerings include the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, recognized as one of the finest orchestras in the world,[10] which performs at Symphony Center. Also performing regularly at Symphony Center is the Chicago Sinfonietta, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park and Millennium Park. Ravinia Park, located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is also a favorite destination for many Chicagoans, with performances occasionally given in Chicago locations such as the Harris Theater. The Civic Opera House is home to the Lyric Opera of Chicago. The Joffrey Ballet and Chicago Festival Ballet perform in various venues, including the Harris Theater in Millennium Park. Chicago is home to several other modern and jazz dance troupes, such as the Hubbard Street Dance Chicago. Other live music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage include Chicago blues, Chicago soul, jazz, and gospel. The city is the birthplace of house music and is the site of an influential hip-hop scene. In the 1980s, the city was a center for industrial, punk and new wave. This influence continued into the alternative rock of the 1990s. The city has been an epicenter for rave culture since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicago indie. The city has also been spawning a critically acclaimed underground metal scene with various bands gaining national attention in the metal and hard rock world. Annual festivals feature various acts such as Lollapalooza, the Intonation Music Festival and Pitchfork Music Festival. . 2. Tourism Chicago attracted a combined 44. 2 million people in 2006 from around the nation and abroad. [4] Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largest convention destination. Most conventions are held at McCo rmick Place, just south of Soldier Field. The historic Chicago Cultural Center (1897), originally serving as the Chicago Public Library, now houses the city's Visitor Information Center, galleries, and exhibit halls. The ceiling of Preston Bradley Hall includes a 38-foot (11 m) Tiffany glass dome. Millennium Park, initially slated to be unveiled at the turn of the 21st century, and delayed for several years, sits on a deck built over a portion of the former Illinois Central rail yard. The park includes the reflective Cloud Gate sculpture (known locally as â€Å"The Bean†). A Millennium Park restaurant outdoor transforms into an ice rink in the winter. Two tall glass sculptures make up the Crown Fountain. The fountain's two towers display visual effects from LED images of Chicagoans' faces, with water spouting from their lips. Frank Gehry's detailed stainless steel band shell Pritzker Pavilion, hosts the classical Grant Park Music Festival concert series. Behind the pavilion's stage is the Harris Theater for Music and Dance, an indoor venue for mid-sized performing arts companies, including Chicago Opera Theater and Music of the Baroque. In 1998, the city officially opened the Museum Campus, a 10-acre (4-ha) lakefront park surrounding three of the city's main museums: the Adler Planetarium, the Field Museum of Natural History, and the Shedd Aquarium. The Museum Campus joins the southern section of Grant Park which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The Oriental Institute, part of the University of Chicago, has an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago are the Chicago History Museum, DuSable Museum of African-American History, Museum of Contemporary Art, the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum, the Polish Museum of America, Museum of Broadcast Communications and the Museum of Science and Industry. 4. 3. Parks When Chicago incorporated in 1837, it chose the motto â€Å"Urbs in Horto†, a Latin phrase which translates into English as â€Å"City in a Garden†. Today the Chicago Park District consists of 552 parks with over 7,300 acres (30 km? ) of municipal parkland as well as 33 sand beaches along Lake Michigan, nine museums, two world-class conservatories, 16 historic lagoons and 10 bird and wildlife gardens. Lincoln Park, the largest of these parks, has over 20 million visitors each year, making it second only to Central Park in New York City. [16] Nine lakefront harbors located within a number of parks along the lakefront render the Chicago Park District the nation's largest municipal harbor system. In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years such as Ping Tom Memorial Park, DuSable Park and most notably Millennium Park. The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the Cook County Forest Preserves, a network of open spaces containing forest, prairie, wetland, streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's periphery, home to both the Chicago Botanic Garden and Brookfield Zoo. 4. 4. Sports Chicago was named the Best Sports City in the United States by The Sporting News in 1993 and 2006. The city is home to two Major League Baseball teams: the Chicago Cubs of the National League play on the city's North Side, in Wrigley Field, while the Chicago White Sox of the American League play in U. S. Cellular Field on the city's South Side. Chicago is the only city in North America that has had more than one Major League Baseball franchise every year since the American League began in 1900. The Chicago Bears, one of the two remaining charter members of the NFL, have won thirteen NFL Championships. The other remaining charter franchise also started out in Chicago, the Chicago Cardinals, now the Arizona Cardinals . The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field on Chicago's lakefront. Due in large part to Michael Jordan, the Chicago Bulls of the NBA are one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world. With Jordan leading them, the Bulls took six NBA championships in eight seasons during the 1990s (only failing to do so in the two years of Jordan's absence). The Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL, who began play in 1926 have won three Stanley Cups. The Blackhawks also hosted the 2008-2009 Winter Classic. Both the Bulls and Blackhawks play at the United Center on the Near West Side. The Chicago Fire soccer club are members of Major League Soccer. The Fire have won one league and four US Open Cups since their inaugural season in 1998. In 2006, the club moved to its current home, Toyota Park, in suburban Bridgeview after playing its first eight seasons downtown at Soldier Field and at Cardinal Stadium in Naperville. The club is now the third professional soccer team to call Chicago home, the first two being the Chicago Sting of the NASL (and later the indoor team of the MISL); and the Chicago Power of the NPSL-AISA. The Chicago Red Stars of Women's Professional Soccer also play in Toyota Park in Bridgeview, Illinois. The Chicago Rush, of the Arena Football League, The Chicago Bandits of the NPF and the Chicago Wolves, of the AHL, also play in Chicago; they both play at the Allstate Arena. The Chicago Sky of the WNBA, began play in 2006. The Sky's home arena is the UIC Pavilion. The Chicago Slaughter of the CIFL began in 2006 and play at the Sears Centre. The Chicago Storm began play in 2004 in the MISL until 2007 when they moved to the XSL. The Chicago Storm also play at the Sears Centre. The Chicago Marathon has been held every October since 1977. This event is one of five World Marathon Majors. [10] In 1994 the United States hosted a successful FIFA World Cup with games played at Soldier Field. Chicago was selected on April 14, 2007 to represent the United States internationally in the bidding for the 2016 Summer Olympics. [11] Chicago also hosted the 1959 Pan American Games, and Gay Games VII in 2006. Chicago was selected to host the 1904 Olympics, but they were transferred to St. Louis to coincide with the World's Fair. 11] On June 4, 2008 The International Olympic Committee selected Chicago as one of four candidate cities for the 2016 games. Chicago is also the starting point for the Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac, a 330-mile (530 km) offshore sailboat race held each July that is the longest annual freshwater sailboat race in the world. 2008 marks the 100th running of the â€Å"Mac. † At the collegiate level, Chicago and its suburb, Evanston, have two national athletic conferences, the Big East Conference with DePaul University, and the Big Ten Conference with Northwestern University in Evanston. 4. 5. Media The Chicago metropolitan area is the third-largest media market in North America (after New York City and Los Angeles). [12] Each of the big four (CBS, ABC, NBC, and FOX) United States television networks directly owns and operates a station in Chicago (WBBM, WLS, WMAQ, and WFLD, respectively). WGN-TV, which is owned by the Tribune Company, is carried (with some programming differences) as â€Å"WGN America† on cable nationwide and in parts of the Caribbean. The city is also the home of The Oprah Winfrey Show (on WLS) and Jerry Springer (on WMAQ), while Chicago Public Radio produces programs such as PRI's This American Life and NPR's Wait Wait†¦ Don't Tell Me!. PBS on TV in Chicago can be seen on WTTW (producer of shows such as Sneak Previews, The Frugal Gourmet, Lamb Chop's Play-Along, and The McLaughlin Group, just to name a few) and WYCC. There are two major daily newspapers published in Chicago: the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Sun-Times, with the former having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers such as the Chicago Reader, the Daily Southtown, the Chicago Defender, the Chicago Sports Weekly, the Daily Herald, StreetWise, The Chicago Free Press and the Windy City Times. The city has pushed hard to make Chicago a filming-friendly location. After a long drought of interest from Hollywood movies, Spider-Man 2 filmed a scene in Chicago. Since then, progressively more movies have filmed in Chicago, most notably the massive blockbuster success The Dark Knight, which was a follow up to Batman Begins, which also shot in Chicago. 5. Economy Chicago has the third largest gross metropolitan product in the nation — approximately $440 billion according to 2007 estimates. The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification. [35] Chicago was named the fourth most important business center in the world in the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index. Additionally, the Chicago metropolitan area recorded the greatest number of new or expanded corporate facilities in the United States for six of the past seven years. In 2008, Chicago placed 16th on the UBS list of the world's richest cities. [13] Chicago is a major financial center with the second largest central business district in the U. S. The city is the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (the Seventh District of the Federal Reserve). The city is also home to three major financial and futures exchanges, including the Chicago Stock Exchange, the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (the â€Å"Merc†), which includes the former Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT). Perhaps due to the influence of the Chicago school of economics, the city also has markets trading unusual contracts such as emissions (on the Chicago Climate Exchange) and equity style indices (on the US Futures Exchange). In addition to the exchanges, Chicago and the surrounding areas house many major brokerage firms and insurance companies, such as Allstate and Zurich North America. The city and its surrounding metropolitan area are home to the second largest labor pool in the United States with approximately 4. 25 million workers. [13] Manufacturing, printing, publishing and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, including Baxter International, Abbott Laboratories, and the Healthcare Financial Services division of General Electric. Moreover, the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which helped move goods from the Great Lakes south on the Mississippi River, and of the railroads in the 19th century made the city a major transportation center in the United States. In the 1840s, Chicago became a major grain port, and in the 1850s and 1860s Chicago's pork and beef industry expanded. As the major meat companies grew in Chicago many, such as Armour and Company, created global enterprises. Though the meatpacking industry currently plays a lesser role in the city's economy, Chicago continues to be a major transportation and distribution center. Late in the 19th Century, Chicago was part of the bicycle craze, as home to Western Wheel Company, which introduced stamping to the production process and significantly reduced costs,[12] while early in the 20th Century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the brass era car builder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907. Chicago is also a major convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the third largest convention center in the world. Chicago also ranks third in the U. S. (behind Las Vegas and Orlando) in number of conventions hosted annually. In addition, Chicago is home to eleven Fortune 500 companies, while the metropolitan area hosts an additional 21 Fortune 500 companies. The state of Illinois is home to 66 Fortune 1000 companies. Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 Financial Times 500 companies. The city claims one Dow 30 company as well: aerospace giant Boeing, which moved its headquarters from Seattle to the Chicago Loop in 2001. 6. Demographics During its first century as a city, Chicago grew at a rate that ranked among the fastest growing in the world. Within the span of forty years, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million by 1890. By the close of the 19th century, Chicago was the fifth largest city in the world,[14] and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within fifty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population had tripled to over 3 million. As of the 2000 census, there were 2,896,016 people, 1,061,928 households, and 632,909 families residing within Chicago. More than half the population of the state of Illinois lives in the Chicago metropolitan area. The population density of the city itself was 12,750. 3 people per square mile (4,923. 0/km? ), making it one of the nation's most densely populated cities. There were 1,152,868 housing units at an average density of 5,075. 8 per square mile (1,959. 8/km? ). Of the 1,061,928 households, 28. 9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 35. 1% were married couples living together, 18. 9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40. 4% were non-families. The median income for a household in the city was $38,625, and the median income for a family was $46,748. Males had a median income of $35,907 versus $30,536 for females. Below the poverty line are 19. 6% of the population and 16. 6% of the families. At the 2007 U. S. Census estimates, Chicago's population was: 38. 9% White (30. 9% non-Hispanic-White), 35. 6% Black or African American, 0. 5% American Indian and Alaska Native, 5. 3% Asian, 0. 1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 21. 3% some other race and 1. 6% two or more races. 28. 1% of the total population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 5]. The main ethnic groups in Chicago are African American, Irish, German, Italian, Mexican, English, Bulgarian, Greek, Chinese, Lithuanian, Polish, Serbian, Ukrainian and Puerto Rican. Many of Chicago's politicians have come from this massive Irish population, including the current mayor, Richard M. Daley. Poles in Chicago constitute the largest Polish population outside of the Po lish capital, Warsaw, making it one of the most important Polonia centers,[16] a fact that the city celebrates every Labor Day weekend at the Taste of Polonia Festival in Jefferson Park. The Chicago Metropolitan area is also a major center for those of Indian ancestry. 7. Law and government Chicago is the county seat of Cook County. The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches. The Mayor of Chicago is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. In addition to the mayor, Chicago's two other citywide elected officials are the clerk and the treasurer. The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen, one elected from each ward in the city. The council enacts local ordinances and approves the city budget. Government priorities and activities are established in a budget ordinance usually adopted each November. The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions. During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing Democratic Party organization dominated by ethnic ward-heelers. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized socialist, anarchist and labor organizations. For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States, with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois tends to be â€Å"solid blue† in presidential elections since 1992. The citizens of Chicago have not elected a Republican mayor since 1927, when William Thompson was voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent the rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding. Although Chicago includes less than 25% of the state's population, eight of Illinois' nineteen U. S. Representatives have part of the city in their districts. Former Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley's mastery of machine politics preserved the Chicago Democratic Machine long after the demise of similar machines in other large U. S. cities. 15] During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal â€Å"independent† faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of Harold Washington. Since 1989, Chicago has been under the leadership of Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chi cago, the Democratic primary vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November. 8. Education There are 680 public schools, 394 private schools, 83 colleges, and 88 libraries in Chicago proper. Chicago Public Schools (CPS), is the governing body of a district that contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. The school district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,000 students (2005 stat. ), ranks as third largest in the U. S. [52] Private schools in Chicago are largely run by religious groups. The two largest systems are run by Christian religious denominations, Roman Catholic and Lutheran, respectively. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates the city's Roman Catholic schools, including Jesuit preparatory schools. Some of the more prominent examples of schools run by the Archdiocese are: Brother Rice High School, Loyola Academy, St. Ignatius College Prep, St. Scholastica Academy, Mount Carmel High School, Mother McAuley Liberal Arts High School, Marist High School, and St. Patrick High School and Resurrection High School. In addition to Chicago's network of 32 Lutheran Schools,[16] Chicago also has private schools run by other denominations and faiths such as Ida Crown Jewish Academy in West Rogers Park, and the Fasman Yeshiva High School in Skokie, a nearby suburb. There are also a number of private schools run in a completely secular educational environment such as: Latin School, University of Chicago Laboratory Schools in Hyde Park, Francis W. Parker School, Chicago City Day School in Lake View, and Morgan Park Academy. Chicago is also home of the prestigious Chicago Academy for the Arts, an arts high school focused on 6 different categories of the arts, Media Arts, Visual Arts, Music, Dance, Musical Theatre and Theatre. It has been heralded as the best arts high school in the country. Children commute from as far away as South Bend, Indiana every day to attend classes. Since the 1890s, Chicago has been a world center in higher education and research. Six universities in or immediately adjoining the city, Northwestern University, the University of Chicago, DePaul University, University of Illinois Chicago, Loyola University Chicago, and the Illinois Institute of Technology, are among the top echelon of doctorate-granting research universities. Northwestern University, established in 1851, is a nonsectarian, private, research university located in the adjacent northern suburb of Evanston. The University maintains the top–rated Kellogg Graduate School of Management, the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, the McCormick School of Engineering, the Bienen School of Music, and the Medill School of Journalism. Northwestern also has a downtown Chicago campus, with the Feinberg School of Medicine and School of Law, both being located in the city's Streeterville neighborhood. Northwestern is a member of the Big Ten Athletic Conference. The University of Chicago, established in 1891, is a nonsectarian, private, research university located in Hyde Park on the city's South Side. The university has had 82 Nobel Prize laureates among its faculty and alumni, the highest of any university in the world. Academic programs at the University of Chicago have initiated entire schools of thought named after Chicago, most notably the Chicago School of Economics. The university also maintains the Pritzker School of Medicine, the University of Chicago Law School, and the Booth School of Business. The University of Illinois at Chicago, a nationally ranked public research institution, is the largest university within the city. [54] UIC boasts the nation's largest medical school. 16] State funded universities in Chicago (besides UIC) include Chicago State University and Northeastern Illinois University. The city also has a large community college system known as the City Colleges of Chicago. Prominent Catholic universities in Chicago include Loyola University and DePaul University. Loyola, established in 1870 as Saint Ignatius College, has campuses on city's North Side as we ll as downtown, and a Medical Center in the West suburban Maywood, is the largest Jesuit university in the country while DePaul, a Big East Conference university is the largest Catholic university in the U. S. Loyola University Chicago is a private Jesuit university. The Illinois Institute of Technology is a private Ph. D. -granting technological university. The main campus is established in Bronzeville, and is home to renowned engineering and architecture programs. The university was host to world-famous modern architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for many years. IIT also maintains a formal academic and research relationship with the Argonne National Laboratory. The IIT Institute of Design is located downtown, and the Stuart School of Business and Chicago-Kent College of Law are located within the city's financial district. IIT shares it's main campus with the VanderCook College of Music, the only independent college in the country focusing exclusively on the training of music educators, and Shimer College, a private liberal arts college which follows the Great Books program. Lake Forest College is Chicago's national liberal arts college. North Park University is located in Chicago's Albany park neighborhood, it enrolls a little over 3,000 students and has been listed on US News' college review as one of the best universities in the Midwest. References: 1. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007 (CBSA-EST2007-01)†: www. census. gov/popest/metro/CBSA-est2007-annual. html 2. â€Å"Population in Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Ranked by 2000 Population for the United States and Puerto Rico†: www. census. gov/population/cen2000/phc-t29/tab03a. csv 3. â€Å"Chicago in the World City Network†. Glob alization and World Cities Study Group and Network Loughborough University: http://www. lboro. ac. uk/gawc/projects/projec16. htm 4. Choose Chicago – the official visitors site for Chicago | Industry Statistics 5. Swenson, John F. â€Å"Chicagoua/Chicago: The Origin, Meaning, and Etymology of a Place Name. † Illinois Historical Journal 84. 4 (Winter 1991): 235–248 6. McCafferty, Michael. kDisc: â€Å"Chicago† Etymology. LINGUIST list posting, Dec. y21, 2001 7. Bruegmann, Robert (2004–2005). Built Environment of the Chicago Region. Encyclopedia of Chicago (online version). 8. www. enjoyillinois. com 9. Chicago Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Rankings (11/25/2005) 10. â€Å"Best Sports Cities 2006: Who, where and how†: http://www. sportingnews. com/yourturn/viewtopic. hp? t=113586 11. â€Å"City Mayors: World's richest cities†: www. citymayors. com/economics/richest_cities. html 12. Norcliffe, Glen. The Ride to Modernity: The Bicycle in Canada, 1869-1900 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001), p. 107. 13. Schneirov, Richard (April 1, 1998). Labor and Urba n Politics. University of Illinois Press. pp. 173–174. 14. Montejano, David, ed (January 1, 1998). Chicano Politics and Society in the Late Twentieth Century. University of Texas Press. pp. 33–34. 15. Chicago falls to 3rd in U. S. convention industry (4/26/2006). Crain's Chicago Business. 16. http://glores. ru/wiki/en. wikipedia. org

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

War, by its very nature, is an act that is a display of horror, violence, terror, suffering and most of all death (William Einwechter, 2004). But the question is, can the engagement of a nation in a war be considered just? What exactly is a just war? By definition, a just war is a conflict that is engaged by two nations with a fixed set of rules for combat (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2006). But this exception applies if the two combatants possess similar traits (Philiosophy, 2006). In the Christian perspective, war, or the engagement in it, is bound by certain qualifications to make the war devoid of sin (Einwechter, 2004).God Himself has depicted Himself as a warrior, waging wars on the unrighteous (Einwechter, 2004). It would be understood that if warfare is inherently evil, then warfare would not be a correct and accurate depiction of God's character (Einwechter, 2004). And second, God directly ordered his people to engage in war, to annihilate threats to their country a nd people (Einwechter, 2004). But to better get a grasp of war, we must include in the two views that are inherent in the decision to see if a war is right or wrong.The pacifist belief holds that all war or the engagement in war is inherently wrong, while the realist belief states that in war, all is fair and right (John Buell, 2002). But the concept of engaging in war cannot be deduced to the superiority of one party over the other in terms of military might (Paul Ramsey, 2002). To Christians, what is made as the case for declaring a war unjust is when the commandment against killing is viewed in a legalistic manner, precluding all other interpretations (Ramsey, 2002).The war on terrorism cannot be viewed therefore as a just and correct conflict (Dale Snauwaert, 2002). Terrorism is not an identifiable enemy, just as what God commanded in the ordering of wars against certain and specific people (Einwechter, 2004). As President Bush's statement attests, the war is on terrorism, not o n a single threat of a nation or alliance (Snauwaert, 2002). The President's â€Å"war† is not with a terrorist nation, but an ideology, a strategy (Snauwaert, 2002). Secondly, in the Bush war, the threat is not imminent (Snauwaert, 2002).It is what the government calls â€Å"pre-emptive action†, an attack against a perceived, not an actual, threat (Snauwaert, 2002). The mandate for the use of violence, such as in engaging in war, is the prevention of violence, not the spread of it (David Nils Gyllenhaal). Citing from law enforcement, if a criminal will do more harm if he is not killed, then the actions in war is to stop the incidence of a nation's actions in spreading its violence, and that will take force to accomplish (Gyllenhaal).ReferencesBuell, J. (2002). Just war theory and the wars of the 20th century. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from http://www. yale. edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2002/3/02. 03. 01. x. html Einwechter, W. (2004). A Christain Perspective on just war. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from http://www. visionforumministries. org/issues/ballot_ box/a_christian_perspective_on_jus. aspx Gyllenhaal, D. (n. d. ). Just war theory: a new church perspective. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from http://www.newphilosophyonline. org/journal/data/111a/Gyllenhaal_Article– New_Philosophy_January-June_2008. pdf. Ramsey, P. (2002). The Just War: Force and Political Responsibilty. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield 2002 Snauwaert, D. T. (2002). The Bush doctrine and just war theory. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from http://www. trinstitute. org/ojpcr/6_1snau. pdf. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2006). Just war theory. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from http://www. iep. utm. edu/j/justwar. htm

Sustainability Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sustainability Management - Essay Example This report will cover several areas of vital importance related to the two career paths that we have proposed to you. These are: Work Responsibilities Education requirements Salary and benefits Working conditions Job outlook At Trapeze solutions, we would like to extend our gratitude for choosing to consult with us on your career choice. Should you need to make the next move as you follow the trajectory of your career, please know that we will be here for any service needed, regarding the furthering of your career. We wish you all the best in your goals and endeavors. Sincerely, (Signature) (Name) Career consultancy Manager TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Executive summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦. 4 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Project Consultant†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦. 7 Education Requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.. 7 Work Responsibilities†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦. 8 Salary and Benefits†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.. 8 Working Conditions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦. ... ........................................................................†¦.†¦. 11 Salary and Benefits†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦. 11 Working Conditions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦ 11 Job Outlook†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 Conclusion and Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦. 12 Appendices of References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦. 13 Executive Summary In the pre sent day environment of business the project related field in most sectors is growing at a steady pace. This report is developed to give you a better understanding of two fields in this sector, which are project consultancy and project management. The report will compare the two and recommend the best career choice for you. The reviews include: Academic Requirements Education requirements for project consultancy and project management are both consistent. For either, most companies and institutions will require a bachelor’s degree in Business administration and related fields. The trend also points to preference being given to master’s students in the same field. Certifications are becoming a major standard in both fields. This report gives information about the vital certifications required. Work Responsibilities The project manager directs all activities relating to the project. He manages materials, staff, costs, appliances and machines, and motivates his staff. His role is to manage the everyday activities of the project from initiation to conclusion. The project consultant is involved in the implementation of projects via offering expertise technically, and preparing, communicating and reporting

Project report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Project report - Essay Example Hence, we decided to go for the Bluetooth speaker on a plane that connects to an iOS system. The Bluetooth speaker that connects in an airplane requires everyday materials like LEDs (Light emitting diodes) , an arduino which is an open electronic board based on user friendly hardware and software with a few PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) pins, a Bluetooth low energy shield, a proto shield, a momentary push switch, some copper wire and, an Iphone 4s or an Iphone 5. Ipad (mini, 5, 4) or an Ipod touch 5th generation can also be used in place of the Iphone. Resistors can also be used, but their use is dependent on the type of LEDs we are using. Since, according to Ohm’s law, resistance and voltage are directly proportional to each other if all other things are constant, therefore high voltage LEDs will require a resistor (Instructables.com 2015). The use of low voltage LEDs eliminate the need to use resistors and also help in cutting down the cost. Most of the materials used are readily available in local hardware stores. Usually there exists a BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) compatible App on the App Store that can get the iOS system to read the BLE compatible device. In case, the user wants to add additional things, a new customized App can be written. The customized app can help run other features that the traditional BLE reader lacks. However, to develop and then run a customized app on an iOS device an extra $100 enrollment fee is required because one needs to be enrolled in the iOS developer program with Apple (Instructables.com 2015). Since, we are trying to cut down on costs we will not write a new customized app in App Store. Instead we will go with the already present App of Red bear Lab’s in the Apple App Store. The project is fairly easy to make and requires very less time. The materials are not ordered; rather they are just bought off shelves from a hardware store or an electrical equipment shop. This eliminates the ordering

The Implementation of Total Quality Management in Libyan banking Essay

The Implementation of Total Quality Management in Libyan banking sector - Essay Example Continuous improvement is a key element which enables the organisation to meet customer requirements, but it can be achieved when all employees understand what and how they are supposed to do and in what direction. Hence it is the responsibility of the management team to generate opportunities for continuous improvement. Although many strategic management theorists agree that internal and external factors affect the way organisations are managed, but, there are times when some important factors remain unnoticed by contemporary TQM theorists and gurus. TQM philosophy shows that countries such as USA, Japan and the majority of countries in the European Union have already adopted TQM as a basic business management approach. However, this does not seem to be the case with many developing countries. Crosby (1979) proposed 14 steps for attaining quality improvement and his approach is more focused on quality. He says : "we all believe that the problem belongs to management, prevention is the way to get it and we are all impatient that everyone is not leaping into what we see as a sensible mature philosophy of doing things, . Deming (1986) says that quality should focus on the worker, since worker is also the internal customer and that his needs, which, is job satisfaction should be met. Improvement in quality cuts down costs and increases the profit margin of organisations. He also emphasises the importance of commitment and determination of management to improve quality and argues that employees cause only 20 percent of all the defects in an organisation. Juran (1995) too shares the opinion expressed by Deming, by saying that 80 percent of all quality defects are caused by factors which are directly under control of management. He is also emphasizing the fact that top management should remain involved and must try hard to eliminate

Select one of the locations of the assigned multinational corporation( Essay

Select one of the locations of the assigned multinational corporation( NOKIA) and discuss it in terms of the form of its interna - Essay Example The main aim of the company is to maintain the position in the world in spite of huge competition from both Google as well as Microsoft. They have a strong brand with which they may have great future plans. The company is offering excellent service and comprehensible software to the billions of customers along with operators in the world (Nokia, n.d.). The new strategies have been developed by the company which are related to the transformation of operational structure along with leadership in order to facilitate the company to accelerate in competitive environment. Their main strategies include developing a new wining ecosystem of mobile they have intended to make a strategic partnership along with Microsoft. They have developed the strategy to make investment in the disruptive technologies of subsequent generations. To make a good focus on result, accountability as well as speed, they build an effective organisational structure along with efficient leadership team (Nokia Connecting People, 2011). The company is concerned with developing, manufacturing as well as designing of communication devices. They offer internet service in order to facilitate various facilities such as video, music, and games to the users. The company operates in three reportable segments which include ‘Devices and Services’, ‘Nokia Siemens Networks’ and ‘NAVTEQ’. Devices and Services consist of Multimedia, Enterprise Solutions and Mobile Phones. Under NAVTEQ, it provides services and digital maps related information along with location based content (Docstoc, 2010). In 1985, Nokia first started its operation in Australia with a view to build the telecommunication network of the country. Nokia Mobile phones were first used by Australian customers in the year 1993. In 2000, Nokia Internet Communications began its operations with the purpose of providing products for internet security along with solutions for ventures. In Australia, the company has ga ined wonderful success with its developed brand and became the market leader with its mobile technology, network infrastructure as well as services and products of the enterprise. The company also achieved ‘National Best Employer’ of â€Å"Best Employer to Work for in Australia Awards† in 2002. The new technologies with its Future Lab facility are also developed in Sydney. The Future Lab is a mutual project between Nokia and Optus which has been designed in order to develop mobile technologies, applications and services and then delivery to the market. Besides these Nokia Australia participates enthusiastically in the community with a view of supporting numerous charities. They are also involved in participating in Land Care; as well as Coast Care initiatives in Australia (Nokia Connecting People, 2011). In Australia, Nokia Australia Pty Limited is recognised as a ‘foreign owned private company’. It is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Nokia Corporati ons. It’s headquarter is located in Pyrmont in New South Wales. Nokia Australia Pty Limited offers various products as well as services. The mobile devices which include phones along with accessories are sold and marketed to both domestic as well as

Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Methods - Essay Example This implores into the reader’s imagination. For example, she characterizes the puffins with phrases such as â€Å"clownish faces†, â€Å"waddling walk†, â€Å"chubby-dumpling bodies†, and â€Å"fluffy chicks†. This, she describes using a sense of humor to draw the reader (Nijhuis 1). The writer also uses definition in her essay, though not much of it. At the same time, the definition method used is emotional. For example, the statements â€Å"puffins are adorable† and â€Å"seabirds are social creatures† try to spark some emotion in the reader. Therefore, the element of definition plays a significant role in drawing the readers (Nijhuis 2). Also, the writer uses the element of classification in her essay when she talks about some types of birds. For instance, she uses the phrases â€Å"predatory gulls† and â€Å"terns†. By explaining the relationship between the various aspects and the puffins, the writer ensures that th e essay covers everything and that the reader does not get

Applied buyer behaviour in a global context Assignment

Applied buyer behaviour in a global context - Assignment Example The two adverts have exposure of consumer buying process, segmentation, perception map, motivation and finally marketing mix (Sandhusen & Richard, 2013, p78). The advert by John Lewis that had been designed by Adam & Eve/DDB has which is the agency that creates a huge chunk of the John Lewis adverts has so many notable sections in it. The included song was from an upcoming pop star who is a breathy young man. Other adverts in the past have been entailing breathy young woman. The artist creates maximum emotion from every section of the song making highly applicable for entire. While the song by John Lennon is not popular by many people, the artist (Tom Odell) creates emotional sphere from it. It creates a scenario whereby the story is typically narrated through the use of pictures in a manner indicating little girls and boys playing with different toys. The story outline creates a perception of people waiting for love. There is a creation of snow that was filmed in July. There is also the creation of a Christmas tree and entailing of a middle-class family in some parts of the north east London and heavy filming from Victoria hackney. The adverts create a sensational and ambitious model similar to the 2013 adverts that featured a bear and hare animated epic. Instead of the use of the epic model, the John Lewis chooses to apply the formula of a cute boy highly longing for the Christmas time to get a penguin gift in the 25th December. It reveals of how the by spends his time paling with the friend who is a penguin. At first, the penguin friend appears real but later it emerges that it was untrue, and perhaps CGI was entailed in the filming process. The film shows the Sam, who is the boy going to the field and playing Lego with his friend penguin (Monty). The two bounce to trampoline in unison and Sam notes the Monty is lonely as it sees couples touching hands. In Christmas time, Sam looks Monty one g ood thing, a mate that it had strongly missed all the time. Beside

Characters and strong association Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Characters and strong association - Essay Example All of these things are dependent on the setting of the novel and they shape the man that Robert was at the beginning of the novel and the man that he had become at the end. At the beginning of The Wars, we find out that Robert has just enlisted in the army because he wants to escape the feelings of guilt that he has after his sister’s death. We also learn that Robert is opposed to the war in some ways, but he feels as though enlisting is the only way to escape the feelings that he has, as well as the accusations that his own mother has been making against him. Therefore, it is the setting at the family’s house that initially turns Robert into a soldier, but also what has made him into such a compassionate character. As the story continues, Robert begins to develop an extremely short temper, as he lashes out at others and sees his relationship with his mother completely disintegrate. He also pushes his father away, as although they get along, they have differing opinions on a number of things and cannot be together all the time. The wartime setting also adds to this anger, as Robert feels as though human lives are not highly regarded during a war and he sees the worst that humanity has to offer everyday. When Robert kills the German soldier, even though the soldier let him and his troops lives, we can still see how unnatural this role is for Robert, but it is a role that the setting has forced him into. As the novel draws to a close, we see Robert drift towards madness, as he is unable to come to grips with all of the horrible things that he has experienced. He wishes that someone could teach him to be a killer because he does not understand how other people can do it so easily. At this point we can see the psychological damage that the war has done to Robert, as it has completely changed the person that he is and he never gets the chance to be himself again, as he dies as a result of injuries sustained in a fire. This novel shows the

Global Business and Political Forces Case Study Essay Example for Free

Global Business and Political Forces Case Study Essay Walgreens Corporation â€Å"C-Level Executives† will have to consider the Global Business and Political Forces associated with their Global International Expansion plans into the Country of Brazil during the period of (2014-2016). Analysis The key issues Walgreens Corporation â€Å"C-Level Executives† pose to face would be attempting a massive global expansion and creating new value innovation within that new global market. The want and need to expand internationally into Brazil might potentially cause the Company to lose its current top rated status quo and therefore could risk their Company’s name and future success rate if prior strategic planning is not done properly. Current competition in the same U.S Market looking to expand internationally such as CVS could also pose and cause a potential threat to Walgreens expansion plans. However, the Brazilian market is even more competitive because Brazilian Company’s already know how to operate in that country and are already familiar with the areas region. Therefore, their capabilities of gaining access to information and expertise about where the high demand for property expansion location sites would be at to open a new booming business, stands to be greater than that of other countries outsourced investors or foreign Company’s looking to expand. Related assumptions Walgreens would have to be able to maintain a competitive advantage point globally, so creating an exclusive brand pertaining to that specific region of the country, as well as, maintaining or improving their current Prescription Savings Club program and product line seems essential to their international expansion success. In order to stay ahead of the game and beat out any competition Walgreens â€Å"C-Level Executives† will need to focus on its core competencies and strengths. These practices are going to be critical when serving a diverse Country, while maintaining Walgreens longstanding tradition of fairness, trust and honesty. ((2013). Company Overview). Alternatives There are several alternative actions the C-Level Executives can take that would include the following: First, management must actively evaluate and manage any potential political risks involved when making global expansion investment decisions and then continue to monitor those associated risks on a routine basis. Political forces and risks that could impact Walgreens are going to be subject to change, so it won’t be considered enough to evaluate those risks only once before the decision to invest has been made. Executives of Walgreens must take an active approach and monitor political risks all the time and use those findings to their advantage by applying those methods strategically towards any other investments, operational plans and any other future decisions. Therefore, management over political forces must be implemented into Walgreens operating business practice and processes, in order to protect their investments. (PwC Advisory and Eurasia Group.) Secondly, obtaining reliable, accurate information and interpretation of international business risks tend to be roads blocks at times for executives seeking to better their decision making through evaluation of political risk. Therefore, the use of multiple world-wide sources in which provide up to date, extremely accurate information that has not only been analyzed but also prepared by top risk managers should also be considered as part of an ongoing systematic approach to political risk management. (PwC Advisory and Eurasia Group.) Thirdly, To avoid any future setbacks from competitors such as CVS and similar Drugstore/Retail chains, Walgreens will need to create and invest in a new value of innovation to enhance their diverse customer’s experience. I believe Walgreens strengths lies in the fact that they have their own unique branding style and a high level of ethical quality in the way they perform their business practice, so by enhancing their current U.S. loyal customer connections over into their potential new global customers they stand a better chance to set themselves apart from CVS and any other competitors they might be faced with along the way. Evaluation International partnerships increase challenges but also create new ideas in new markets that can then be translated back to US markets. Because all companies, even primarily domestic ones, are affected by politics to some  degree, all need a baseline of political risk management activity. At a minimum, company management should be aware of how political risks affect business processes, and they should factor these risks into both investment decisions and general risk management. Recommendation My suggestion would be that the â€Å"C-Level Executives† when operating internationally should carefully analyze their current approach to political risk management and determine whether it is contributing to their current business performance strategy as efficiently or effectively as it could and should be or having and adverse effect, taking away from it instead. Once carefully reviewed and evaluated they should find areas for improvement and make changes accordingly to ensure a better business development plan for the following (2014-2016) timeline. Implementation Long-term sustainable success internationally depends in good part on a company’s ability to grasp the implications of political risk and apply them to business risk. By embedding political risk considerations in normal business processes, companies enable management to make better decisions regarding global expansion, sourcing, branding, intellectual property protection, community and government relations, operational structures, and other business issues that arise in complex international markets. (PwC Advisory and Eurasia Group.) Conclusion Ultimately, any company looking to expand globally has to be willing to take risks, but it’s also essential to their future developmental successes that before taking that huge leap to expand internally that they become extremely aware of the high stacks and potential risks involved. In general, the more a company ventures beyond its home country physically or through outsourcing the more it increases its exposure to political risk. Companies should keep in mind, however, that even a minor investment involving a major risk or opportunity can have a material impact. Sustainable success internationally depends in good part on a company’s ability to grasp the implications of political risk and apply them to business risk. Mark Wagner, Walgreens Executive Vice President Operations Community Management had this to say: Our customers come from all walks of life, and it would be impossible for us to serve them well if we developed identical, instead of individual needs. Ive found the best way to recognize individuality is by taking time to learn about diverse interests and their background. Everyone has needs, wants and expectations and as managers, its our job to develop that strategy and exceed those expectations. (Walgreens outlines strategy to analysts.)

Norman Conquest 1066 Essay Example for Free

Norman Conquest 1066 Essay King Edward had taken a vow of chastity, so upon his death in 1066 there was lack of a clear heir to the throne. There were 3 contenders: * William of Normandy – nephew of Edward, claimed that Edward promised him the throne and that Harold II of had sworn agreement to this. * Harold II – riches and powerful of the English aristocracy. * Harald III of Norway – based on previous agreement between Magnus of Norway and the earlier Danish King, where if either died without a heir to their throne, the other would inherit England and Norway. Harold II was immediately elected as King by the pro-Saxon Witan as they feared there could be invasions from abroad. Harald III of Norway invaded Harold II in the Battle of Stamford Bridge(28th September 1066). Harold II won but lost many in battle. Just days later, William of Normandy invaded Harold II in the Battle of Hastings (14th October 1066). Here Harold II died in battle with an arrow through his eye, leaving the throne to William of Normandy. William became King in 1066 and the Norman Conquest left the Saxons conquered by the Normans. * Prior to the conquest, all law was written and spoken in English, whilst after the conquest law was to be written in Latin and occasionally French. Slowly English returned to the courts, but many French and Latin terms were adopted. Hence why today, the English language is closer to French/Latin that Old English. * Stronger central government – courts of the King began to take many of the functions that were traditionally used by the hundred moots and shire moots. Legal recordings were taken much more seriously with legal practices being written down and recorded in the Doomsday book. * Feudalism/land ownership – King became the ultimate ruler of all land in England (Crown owned all land). Anyone who owned land, owed their allegiance to the King and if you weren’t loyal to the King, he could take away your land. If you owned land, you really just owned a title to that land which the King lends you. Today Crown still owns all land. * Trial by Battle was introduced – women, King, elderly, could choose a warrior to fight for them. If the warrior was still standing when the stars came out it was seen as not guilty. It rested on the assumption that a divine power would intervene and whoevers case was just would triumph. Over time, people became skeptical and it was abolished. Norman conquest is seen as the traditional starting point of English Common Law. It ensured that both common law and civil law systems remained. NZ uses this common law system that William retained from Harold. Today in NZ we still buy land in ‘fee simple’ to the Crown. Our legal system still contains some the Latin and French words that were adopted after the Norman Conquest. Magna Carta 1215 King John was not a popular king as he treated his people very poorly, he was seen as a tyrant. He also caused serious arguments amongst Pope Innocent III and the English Barons. Pope Innocent III wanted Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury but John wanted John De Grey. As John would not accept Langton, the Pope placed England under interdict (suspends all religious life) and declares John’s kingdom forfeit and encourages King Phillip of France to invade. John eventually accepts Langton and surrenders the kingdom back to the Pope and receives it back as a fiefdom. King John is now under the Pope in hierarchy. King John was also unsuccessful in battle, having lost land back to France. This meant less money flowing into England, so John started taxing people of England. It had always been customary that the King consult with the Barons before raising taxes. The Barons agreed to make war on King John if he didn’t sign a charter affirming the rights of the Barons. After attempting to break up the Barons from bribery, John eventually signs. The Magna Carta included promises to protect freedom and rights of the church and to consult with the Barons more closely on taxes, and to guarantee certain rights to all free men. Immediately after this, John asks the Pope to declare Magna Carta null and void. The Barons encourage Prince Louis of France to invade. King John suddenly dies of dysentery, and Henry III becomes King. Every new king from then on will reissue/sign the Magna Carta. So much of the common law was based upon the Magna Carta that is was seen as one of the constitutional documents of England. Courts began citing Magna Carta to support principles and concepts that did not exist when it was created. It influenced the content of other documents that protect people’s rights such as America’s Bill of Rights, and NZ’s. It was the first document in English history that limited the power of the monarch. Until then there was the belief that the Monarch could do whatever they pleased. This established the rule that no one is higher than the law. It marked that power was being shared by more people. The Magna Carta also stated that a council of 25 Barons would be created to advise the King which some people argue is the start of Parliament in common law. Petition of Right 1628 King Charles upset Parliament during his reign from 1625 – 1649. He married a Roman Catholic called Henrietta, protected anti-protestant writers and sought to wage was in Europe on behalf of his Roman Catholic in-laws. It looked like he was favouring Roman Catholics and letting them into the monarchy. When Parliament refused to give Charles the money he needed to fight a battle in Europe, he started taxing the people of England without the consent of he Parliament. This went against a principle established nearly 300 years ago. Parliament responded by issuing the Petition of Right in 1628. It outlined the abuses the King had committed and formally requested that the King rectify his abuses. The Petition of Right was just a soft, light not harsh piece of legislation. Just a set of rules that the King was meant to follow. Charles essentially ignored the Petition of Right and ruled without a Parliament from 1629-1640. This led to the English Civil War where Charles eventually lost and was executed by Parliament. The Monarchy was abolished until 1660. Ruled without Parliament for eleven years. Along with the Magna Carta, the Petition of Right are the constitutional foundational documents of England. The Petition of Right and most important aspects of the English Bill of Rights are still part of NZ law and is still in force today. English Civil War After the Petition or Right was issued to King Charles in 1628, he dissolved Parliament in 1629 and refused to call it for eleven years. But in 1640 he needed money again to ward of the threat of a takeover from Scotland so he reconvened Parliament to ask for the funds. Parliament only agreed to give Charles the funds if he agreed to discuss the abuses that had occurred during his reign as ruler by himself. Parliament took in Henrietta (Charles’ Roman Catholic wife) for questioning under the fear that Roman Catholicism was creeping into power. In retaliation Charles stormed an armed sitting of Parliament with his own army and the English Civil War ensued between the Monarchists and Parliamentarians. Charles was defeated as King in 1645 and escaped to the Island of Whit. He was recaptured in 1647 and sent to permanent exile. The House of Commons passed a special statute that created a special court to trial King Charles for treason. Charles was executed in 1649, being the first and only monarch to be executed which was revolutionary. It showed that Power was shifting upwards and showed that everyone is subject to the law – even the King. Another main consequence was the Parliament was now supreme with a shift in power from the Monarchy to Parliament. This allowed for the responsibility of law making and then came Prime Ministers. Glorious Revolution 1688 King Charles II had no legitimate children, so when he died his brother James became King King James II. King James II did a number of things that upset Parliament, reminding them of King Charles I (Petition of Right and Civil War). He was a Roman Catholic and baptized his son as a Roman Catholic. He gave Catholics a number of prominent jobs in Government. He proclaimed religious freedom for non-Anglicans and suspended Parliament when it criticized him on the above topics. Members of the House of Lords invited Dutch nobleman William of Orange to invade and become new king. William of Orange was married to James II daughter Mary, so they could argue that the throne was staying in the family. William easily defeated James who fled to France. Parliament declared that James had abdicated the throne and it was vacant. In 1689, Parliament appointed William and Mary as joint sovereigns and issued the Bill of Rights. Consequences - Bill of Rights 1689 In the Bill of Rights, Parliament makes the appointment of William and Mary as joint sovereigns conditional on the following principles; Without Parliament, the sovereign cannot suspend or create laws, make new courts, impose new taxes, create or maintain an army in peacetime etc. Along with Magna Carta and Petition of Right, the Bill of Right is a constitutional document for the English legal system. About 100 years after the English Bill of Rights was drawn up, the American Bill of Right was passed. The most significant parts of the Bill of Rights are still part of the NZ Bill or Rights, which is still in force in NZ today. Equity Refers to the separate evolution of the Equity Courts. During the reign of Edward I, he formed three great courts; 1. The King’s Bench 2. The Court of Common Pleas 3. The Exchequer The Exchequer court was a governmental office split into the Exchequer(fiscal) and the Chancery (secretarial). Along with administering writs, the Chancery had to â€Å"reflect a reserve of justice in the King† by trying to incorporate fairness into the legal system. Equity worked by allowed a person to succeed against an individual for a moral or religious wrong, even if that same person was legally in the right. The Chancellor initially administered justice to people who came to him under the Maxims of Equity – he who comes with equity must come with clean hands. Equity worked (examples of son taking money and neighbors tree) by the Chancellor deciding what was right in the eyes of the church and the eyes of clarity. Over time, Equity as a means of obtaining justice became popular enough for the Courts of Equity to be established. In 1616, King James I, ruled that equity was to take precedent over common law, allowing the King to exert some control over his supposedly separated judges. This system was very flexible as to how the law was applied to different situations. The point of equity was that each individual case was to be decided on the points of that case alone so the most just outcome could be reached. Thus it became clear that the Court of Equity was not bound by precedent, giving rise to the aphorism â€Å"equity varies as the length of the chancellor’s foot†.

Impact Of Crm On Customer Satisfaction And Retention Management Essay

Impact Of Crm On Customer Satisfaction And Retention Management Essay 1. Introduction Customer relationship management (CRM) is a set of strategic practices and is a broadly used term that covers different functions and concepts of organisations in aspects of operational, collaborative and analytical frameworks (Ramsey, 2010). There are many benefits the company could derive upon implementation of CRM systems. These benefits are: customers-suppliers linkage, access, hassle-free communication, and reduction of implementation cycles, centralised and regularised systems upgrade, centralisation of maintenance and enhancement expertise and homogenisation of CRM technology (Kelly and Gillbert, 2003) (Harrington, 2008) (Taylor, 2004) (Hunter, 2009). Customer Relationship Management is a fresh and prominent business approach that has integrated permanently in the contemporary business management literature (Chen, 2003). It usually refers to business activities directed towards initiating, establishing, maintaining, and developing successful long-term relational exchanges (Sharma and Mittal, 2007). CRM not only impacts business performance but has an effect upon customers. It results in clients retention, satisfaction and loyalty (Smith, 2006). The benefits of customer retention and satisfaction are many, therefore companies eagerly tries to secure a significant customer base (Kumra, 2005). Information technology plays an important part in facilitating the link between CRM and customer retention. Company can utilize the combination of computers speed and storage capabilities along with the internet connectivity. This helps in providing a powerful linkage among several functions of the company (Ramsey, 2010). For companies of different sizes, different CRM systems are available which range from the simplest contact-management systems that focus on assisting individual salespeople to most complex enterprise-wide and cross-enterprise systems (Newby and Sherif, 2005). The basic function of the CRM systems is to connect the company with its customers and suppliers. CRM systems ensure that customers have a consistent experience across multiple sales channels (Han and Kim, 2003). It is vital for a company to successfully implement CRM system as an effective implementation assists the company in meeting the customer needs. It is the responsibility of the management to integrate the system in the company and train its staff to effectively work on the CRM systems (Zarali, 2009). It is aimed to explore these issues and the researcher will attempt to identify the impact of CRM systems on the overall marketing system of the company. 2. Research Question Determine how CRM systems can impact the customer loyalty and retention, and its effect on skills of employees and customers satisfaction? 3. Aim and Objectives The main aim of this dissertation is to study the value and importance of CRM systems in terms of customer satisfaction and retention. To achieve this aim following objectives are to be achieved: * To analyse the published literature on CRM and to identify related issues. * To assess the impact of CRM systems on customer satisfaction and retention. * To summarize all the literature and the findings and present them in customer satisfaction context. * To provide recommendations to the company. 4. Companys Profile The company selected for this dissertation is MobileNet, Ltd which is situated in the heart of Delhi, the capital of India. The company deals with providing mobile phone and network connections to individual customers as well as corporate clients. Along with the mobile products, it provides direct and indirect services related to handsets and network system. It started as a small company with few employees but gradually developed into a successful medium size enterprise. Reasons for the choice of selecting this company includes: Availability of appropriate data, personal contacts with the company management and previous job experience with the company. The other motives are ease to conduct research, less finance needed and time effectiveness. The company has recently adapted and implemented CRM systems within the company. This has improved its overall business transactions, activities and performance as well as increased profits. 5. Research Significance and Problem Identification Although CRM is an established concept in contemporary management studies, little has been focused upon impact of CRM systems on customer satisfaction. There are literally no studies available on it regarding Indian environment. Constantly changing environment and performance oriented industry are influencing the organizational structure and leading to increased reliance on staff and customer loyalty. CRM is basically a new concept in India. It needs time to improve and integrate other aspects into it. But this problem can be addressed by relating effectiveness of CRM systems on organizations marketing activities. This issue is now established as it affects the field of management in several ways. It is especially valuable for companies seeking better performance. 6. Hypothesis The company can satisfy its customers, attract new ones and retain existing ones by successfully and effectively implementing latest CRM system within the company. If appropriate system is implemented, it can prove beneficial and help the company to achieve its marketing objectives. 7. Rationale Companies tend to apply out-dated and inadequate systems that most of times doesnt work on their business situations. While doing so, they often ignore to adapt advanced CRM systems. In order to improve the customer satisfaction, companies need to adapt new ways that can impact overall customer loyalty as well as help to successfully retain existing customers. There are many other specific topics that can be explored regarding the application of CRM systems. There is need to increase the limited knowledge regarding the implications and effects of CRM systems. This study proposes to focus on marketing activities of the chosen company. The research rationale is to determine the benefits of CRM systems implementation in marketing.    8. Theoretical Framework The main aim of the dissertation is to investigate the impact of CRM systems and its implementation on customer satisfaction. In this research, the researcher will try to reveal the general customer behaviours in existence. This will also include the exploration on patterns of customer satisfaction, retention and loyalty. Prior to this, the researcher will try to present information on the recent CRM systems in use in marketing and to discover its importance. In addition, the paper will also seek to discuss the benefits and limitations of CRM systems in marketing and how it could possibly improve the overall performance and position of the company. Moreover, the research will also aspire to investigate customer information management which includes responses and relationships. The role of management in implementing and managing CRM system will also be critically analysed in this dissertation. Finally, the paper will aim to compare actual practices on organisations with benchmark prac tices. This research will specifically examine impact of CRM systems focusing on marketing issues by taking into account environmental and cultural requirements of the company. The researcher will compare the literature with case study of the company and conclude on the benefits of adapting CRM systems   9. Usefulness of the Research This research will consider all the relevant factors related to marketing theory of CRM. It can be useful for the company for comparison reasons with its own survey. It can be a guideline for the company to take improvement measures. Further it can be used by students for reference purposes. This research when completed can provide better understanding of the risks associated with implementation of CRM systems. From a broader sense, this paper can essentially contribute to corporate decision making. It may contribute to help students improve their learning skill regarding CRM systems and how it applies to customer satisfaction. This research can be an important management or information technology endeavour in the academia.    10. Knowledge Gaps and a Future Research Agenda Research questions which are needed to be addressed include: How important is the implementation of CRM systems in marketing activities of the organisations? What are the benefits and limitations of CRM systems in marketing? How does the implementation of CRM systems in marketing affect the general performance of the organisations? Is the implementation of CRM systems in marketing improved the current position of the organisations? What are the strategic planning activities does the CRM systems provide the organisations? How do CRM systems contribute to customer satisfaction and retention? In what ways do CRM systems contribute to customers loyalty? Does the implementation of CRM systems affect the supplier-buyer relationship? In what ways? 11. Research Methodology According to Kothari (2008), research is a systematic study for the collection of data and information to solve the problem or achieve an objective. Saunders et al. (2010) describe it as a rigorous activity that involves organized development and acquisition of knowledge. Kumar (2005) defines methodology as a focused investigation beyond generally available knowledge in order to obtain specific and detailed information which later provides analysis basis on the topic of enquiry. For this dissertation, the researcher will examine all the available research techniques. Only the appropriate research methods will be selected and the reasons for the made choices with justification will also be provided. Gantt chart will be applied to plan and coordinate dissertation tasks. It will also assist in presenting the research graphically (Bryman and Bell, 2007). Data would be carefully collected and would remain within the research scope (Saunders et al. 2010). The researcher will make sure that all the data gathered is reliable and valid. Both secondary and primary information collection methods will form the data collection structure for this dissertation. Both of these methods will include Qualitative and Quantitative data (Saunders et al. 2010). The researcher has decided to apply cost effective methods to obtain maximum information from the target population. Companys internal information will be researched along with external sources. External research sources inc lude catalogues, magazines, newspapers, technical publications and journals. In addition latest articles from renowned journals and contemporary marketing and management books will be consulted and reviewed to give a broader view (Kumar, 2005). According to Bryman and Bell (2007) interviews are one of the best ways for collecting relevant information from participants experiences. It is the most effective way to collect primary data. As planned, interviews will be conducted from the managers and employees to review their opinions. Questionnaires will also be used that will be distributed to randomly selected customers. Questionnaires can be effective for the collection of data that can be later quantified using appropriate scales (Kothari, 2008). The researcher can easily circulate the questionnaire. It is also the cheapest method of communication with fastest response rate. Questionnaire can target huge base of customers. It also minimises the risk of losing the answers (Saunders et al. 2007). Multi-method/mixed-method technique (triangulation) will be applied. This technique focuses on combining quantitative and qualitative data to achieve the goals. All the collected information will be analysed on Microsoft Word 2010 Br yman and Bell, 2007). Both managers of the company will be interviewed; randomly selected few employees for interviews and randomly selected customers will be selected. The reason for selecting managers is quite forward as they can provide enough information on companys management of CRM system and related issues. Employees are selected to discuss their views on impact of CRM on their performance and satisfaction. It will be difficult to question every customer so the researcher will try to distribute questionnaire to as many people as possible so that the enough data can be collected to represent the whole population. 12. Limitation Limitation would arise as the research will progress. It may include management and employee or even customer bias, unavailability of essential data, ineffective time and resource allocation, etc. It is a natural limitation that information cannot be gathered from all the sources; therefore sampling will be done randomly. Not all sources can be searched; therefore Bells six point parameter will be applied to minimize sources and avoid collecting irrelevant data. 13. Time Scale Chart Task Date (Start) Date (Finish) Time Estimated Research Proposal Research Findings Literature Review Research Methodology Findings and Analysis Drafting and Submission 14. Summary of the Research Chapter 1 is introduction. The researchs overview will be laid out in this section. Aim and Objectives will be included along with the hypothesis and rationale. Research significance and usefulness will be explained as well as theoretical framework. In the end of this section knowledge gaps and research agenda will also be emphasized, before finally providing the research layout. Chapter 2 of dissertation is literature review which comprises almost half of the dissertation. Latest issues related to CRM will be discussed and critically analysed. This section will be divided into sub-topics of important subjects. The impact of CRM system, its adaption and implementation, its importance for customer satisfaction and retention, the role of management and employees and other important issues will be critically analysed. Several authors views will be considered and will be linked to CRM. Debate on important CRM issues and arguments presented by different scholars will also be provided. Chapter 3 reviews the methodology of the research. Selected research methods and techniques will be explained as well as research approaches will be clearly defined. All this will be clarified with justification. The researcher will clearly describe the benefits of using chosen methods to validate the research. It will be ensured to examine the research process in detail as well as to assess the limitations and constraints faced. Information about sampling method and data analysis tools will also be provided. By conducting research, the researcher will try to examine the importance of CRM system for customer satisfaction. Chapter 4 is the analysis of the gathered data which will partially be graphical presented. Findings of the research and analysis of the data collected will be combined for this section of the dissertation. The researcher will critically analyse results from interviews and questionnaires. Chapter 5 summarises all the literature and data to research conclusion. Recommendations will be proposed to the company in this section.